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Dr. Miller: Who gets ankle arthritis and what to do about it. We're going to talk about that next on scope radio.

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Dr. Miller: Hi, I'm here today with Dr. Alexej Barg. Alexej is a professor of orthopedic surgery here at the Ï㽶ÊÓƵ of Utah. Alexej, who gets ankle arthritis?

Dr. Barg: This is a very particular problem. We don't know actually why that people do develop, for example, knee osteoarthritis or hip osteoarthritis, however, we know exactly who does develop the osteoarthritis of the ankle joint or the subtibiotalar joint.

Dr. Miller: That's really interesting. I mean, we are more commonly used to hearing about knee and hip arthritis, not so much about ankle arthritis.

Dr. Barg: The most common reason to develop ankle osteoarthritis is previous trauma. It can be the bony fracture, but it can be also the repetitive ligament sprain of the ankle joint.

Dr. Miller: Due to sports injuries typically? Or is this some line of work that would be a problem?

Dr. Barg: Both injuries can lead or can end up final in end-stage ankle osteoarthritis. And many people do speak about hip or knee osteoarthritis however the ankle osteoarthritis is a growing problem. Upcoming in Europe and in Europe right now every tenth patient who is coming to an outpatient clinic for an orthopedic problem is coming with a problem of ankle or the foot, including ankle osteoarthritis. So this is a growing problem. It should not be underestimated. There are some studies showing that the patient having end-stage ankle osteoarthritis have the same pain, the same disability in daily activities comparable to those patients having, for example, hip osteoarthritis.

Dr. Miller: So it's obviously painful. So again, what is it that causes this arthritis? What sorts of people are prone to develop ankle arthritis?

Dr. Barg: In the past decades, several studies have been published to figure out which are the risk factors to develop ankle osteoarthritis, especially posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis. And I would say in my opinion there are two very important factors: the first is definitely the severity of the initial injury. For example, if you have a fracture of the lower leg including the tibiatalor joint surface, that means that those patients have also the cartilage lesion at the time of the initial injury. And the second significant risk factor is for sure the deformity because some people or the most people, more than the half of all patients with ankle osteoarthritis, have a concomitant lower leg deformity. That means they have uneven load distribution within the joint, which finally leads to end-stage disease.

Dr. Miller: So it sounds like fracture of the foot, fracture of the ankle can lead to ankle arthritis. Is that correct?

Dr. Barg: This is correct. This is absolutely correct. And . . .

Dr. Miller: So automotive accidents, industrial accidents can lead to arthritis.

Dr. Barg: Yes, absolutely correct. However, the bony fractures of course they are severe injuries and everybody is aware of it. However, I mentioned this before, also there are repetitive ankle sprains and ankle sprains are definitely the most common sports injury in this country but also worldwide. I would say if you have at least two or three ankle sprain a year that means you are at high risk to develop, sooner or later, ankle osteoarthritis.

Dr. Miller: And so does ankle arthritis develop at a younger age typically than we see hip and knee arthritis in the United States? I think in general we will see knee and hip arthritis at the age of 55 and above.

Dr. Barg: This is another challenging problem specifically in this patient group. You mention this correctly. The patient with knee or hip osteoarthritis, they are usually in their fifth or sixth life decade. Patients with end-stage ankle arthritis, they are much younger. So sometimes I even see patients that are 30, 35 years old and their ankle joint is really gone. That makes the treatment is this patient group specifically very challenging because whatever you plan to do in those patients they should usually last for many years. That means for another 50 or maybe even 60 years in the future.

Dr. Miller: Typically patients with ankle arthritis will present with pain and, I suppose, immobility, some type of immobility in the ankle. So what then are the next steps? Obviously they make their way to you, they know about your practice. What do you advise them?

Dr. Barg: First of all, I take a very exact medical history. So I want to know exactly how long the patient had the pain. What type of injury, if they had an injury, what type of injury exactly they had? Usually, I collect all possible medical records from the past. And the second step is definitely the clinical assessment, the clinical investigation. I do see how good the movement of the ankle is. I want to also check the alignment. That means they ask whether the ankle joint is straight or not. I also check the stability. And then finally I go further with the imaging, which is an extremely important part.

Dr. Miller: X-rays, typically?

Dr. Barg: Yeah, I always stay with a weight-bearing radiograph. Weight-bearing if very important. Many patients come from the family doctors, for example, with some imaging, but this imaging is not useful. I call is accidental imaging. Because you see just a very small part of the ankle, not weight bearing. That means you still see some ankle osteoarthritis, however, because they are not weight-bearing radiographs, you cannot really assess for example the alignment of the ankle joint.

Dr. Miller: So you're going to do a more thorough radiographic examination based on weight-bearing than typically you would see in a standard practice. Okay.

Dr. Barg: Yes.

Dr. Miller: Then, moving on to treatment, there are obviously different types. You can fuse the ankle, but there are other aspects of that care as well, I gather.

Dr. Barg: In the literature, mostly two treatments are described for the end-stage ankle osteoarthritis. This is to fuse the ankle or to replace the ankle. That means to use an ankle prosthesis. An ankle prosthesis, especially in the last two decades, experienced a really great progress. Regarding the design of prosthesis, they are definitely some designs are more anatomical design, which may really mimic much better the normal anatomy and normal biomechanics of the ankle joint.

However, in my opinion, both treatment options are not perfect. And so, therefore, in my clinic, we always try to use the joint preserving procedure. That means a surgery where you try to correct the underlying deformity. And you don't have to fuse the ankle. You don't have to replace the ankle. That means the patient still has their own ankle.

Dr. Miller: For our listeners, fusing the ankle, what does that mean?

Dr. Barg: To fuse the ankles means that you can do it actually laparoscopically, that means minimally invasive. Or you can do an open procedure. You just remove the remaining cartilage, you stabilize the tibiatalar joint using different implements. It can be screws, it can be plates.

Dr. Miller: These are the large joints at the back of the ankle, I guess.

Dr. Barg: Yes. And this for many decades has been the gold standard procedure for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis. The problem is for those patients the ankle joint does not move. That means that the functionality of the ankle joint should be taken over by adjacent joints. For example, by the subtalar joint, which is the joint underneath. And that means sooner or later those patients will develop diminutive changes in their adjacent joints. That's the biggest problem following ankle fusion.

Dr. Miller: Similar problem to folks who have disc fusions in their back.

Dr. Barg: This is maybe a similar problem, yes. Absolutely.

Dr. Miller: Some of them develop arthritis above and below the fusion.

Dr. Barg: I agree with you.

Dr. Miller: So because the points of stress change.

Dr. Barg: I agree with you.

Dr. Miller: Interesting. Alexej, in your experience, rebuilding the ankle joint, how durable is that? How long-lasting is that surgery? How much relief will it give and how long can one expect that to be helpful?

Dr. Barg: These questions cannot be answered clearly with a certain number, like two years, five years, 10 years. In my experience, if you do the joint preserving procedure, approximately 20% of all patients still need a bigger surgery like ankle fusion or ankle replacement within 10 years after the surgery. Which maybe the first sign is not that encouraging number, however, I can just tell you that if you do a very exact selection for this procedure, the patients are very happy because they still have their own joint. They don't have any restrictions doing, for example, recreation or sports activity. And actually this number is very dependent on how severe the ankle osteoarthritis is. I do communicate this very often and very clearly with the patient and I tell him what his expectation should be in the particular case.

Dr. Miller: It sounds like you have a great knowledge of the prognosis of each of these procedures that would help your patients make a decision on what to do.

Dr. Barg: Yeah, most likely we can say and predict exactly whether the procedure will last for two years or five years or for the 10 years. And for two years, sometimes if the patient is, for example, a hard worker and has to work on the street and has to lift heavy weight, this patient will not profit immediately, for example, for ankle fusion or ankle replacement. He'll want to wait another two or five years until he's retired and then he's ready for another surgery. Those patients are very thankful that you can offer them the joint preserving procedure.

Dr. Miller: Are there other tips for people who might have ankle arthritis? How do they find their way to a particular orthopedic surgeon? Should they see a specialist? Should they see a generalist orthopedic surgeon or should they see someone else, like a sports medicine physician?

Dr. Barg: I would suggest if the patient has ankle osteoarthritis, it doesn't mean a late stage. If it's at the early stage or the end-stage, this is a very challenging problem with many concomitant problems, which can be overseen by a person who is not that experienced in this area. By concomitant problems, I'm speaking, for example, about a concomitant deformity, a concomitant instability and so forth. So I do really think that those patients should really be seen be a person who has experience in dealing with this problem and who can also offer a different treatment option. Because the treatment options in the beginning of ankle osteoarthritis are definitely different, for example, than for patients with end-stage ankle osteoarthritis.

Dr. Miller: So bottom line is if you have ankle pain, try to have that diagnosed earlier rather than later. And if you have ankle arthritis, find your way to an orthopedic specialist who specializes in lower extremity problems.

Dr. Barg: Yes, absolutely. I agree with you.

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